Industry Internet of Things Consortium - (Resources Hub)
OPC Foundation (Connectivity) and Cyber-Physical Systems (Research)
Enterprise Architecture - Enterprise Modeling - Digital Manufacturing
https://www.iiconsortium.org/
"The effect of a given enabler extends beyond the resolution of technical problems into discovering challenges, providing new perspectives on current problems, and uncovering previously unconsidered use cases. The disruption expands beyond the boundary of technology and into the business realm, transforming the way companies think, operate and act."
IIC 2022, Q2-report (intro)
To be contd... (continuous updates to web-site and publications, announcements)
Stay tuned!
Cisco - and the others ...to be updated....
Festo Didactic - Siemens - ABB - (and the others)
https://reference.opcfoundation.org/
Documentation for OPC UA implementation work (updated)
Overview (from the website)
The OPC UA Online Reference is a searchable collection of specifications and information models.
Information models are made available by publishing a index of types defined in the model as human readble tables. When possible the definition of a Type is linked to the appropriate section in the specification. These tables are generated automatically from the published NodeSet.
A subset of specifications are also made available. These pages are automatically generated from Microsoft Word documents. The documents are generated from the latest released version with errata applied. Note that the online reference is a work in progress and not all published errata will be in the online documents.
Every effort has been made to ensure the online versions of the specifications match the documents available on the OPC Foundation website. If any differences exist between the documents and published errata and the online version then the documents and published errata should be assumed to be the correct version.
OPC Unified Architecture and Time Sensitive Network connectivity
To be updated (IEEE paper etc.) ..... OPC UA and TSN, in the context of "Industry 4.0"....
The Open Group Architecture Framework - with - Archimate (Modeling language)
Lankhorst et al. (textbook and background, EA community)
etc
Layering — is it really a useful approach in Business/IT/Enterprise Architecture?
The question is the title from a recent (at the time of writing- the most recent!) blog post by Gerben Wierda on his website on Enterprise Architecture - EA - and related matters on IT, life and the universe (to borrow a bit or 2 from Douglas Adams):
Could be explored further here- but leave that for later. For now. But please have a look at blog in link above - before or after looking at the links below...
For manufacturing the most important enterprise architecture is - still- the ISA95 model (Automation pyramid), originating from the Purdue Enterprise Reference Architecture model (1995). Still relevant, as presented in the fine LinkedIn article by Jonas Berge (below). For Industry 4.0 one can build on what works - and add (smart/cognitive/...) systems and sub-systems at all levels (stepwise), using an Open Architecture, perhaps something similar to the "NOA", below (also via LinkedIn) as argued by Jonas Berge and others.
Architecture: Flat or Structured ISA 95/Purdue
Architecture: Flat or Structured ISA 95/Purdue:
- Published March, 2022
Implementing the NAMUR Open Architecture (NOA):
<https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/implementing-namur-open-architecture-noa-jonas-berge/>
- Published on November 20, 2019
Center NOA pyramid image courtesy NAMUR (via LinkedIn article in reference, link above)
Gaia-X (Digital Infrastructure Europe)
" The future of our economy is driven by digital economy, a new way to build value on top of the existing physical ecosystem, products, and services, using data. This is achieved through the creation of Data Spaces, digital ecosystems that represent the physical or analogical ecosystem underlying them, through the collection and exchange of data across the multiple participants and organisations in the value chain."
From the website. To be contd.... (updates are frequent as of 2022)
https://gaia-x.eu/
Gaia-X is excited to 📣 announce the launch of our fresh new 🌐website, which features an improved user experience, new content, a rebranded identity, new landing pages, updated sections, animations, and a significantly clearer structure, look and feel. Enjoy the navigation! Our next release has planned for further interactive elements, new microsites on data spaces and Hubs, the Summit series and many more. |
Architecture and plans (April, 2022):
Gaia-X aims to create a federated open data infrastructure based on European values regarding data and cloud sovereignty. The mission of Gaia-X is to design and implement a data sharing architecture that consists of common standards for data sharing, best practices, tools, and governance mechanisms. It also constitutes an EU-anchored federation of cloud infrastructure and data services, to which all 27 EU member states have committed themselves [1]. This overall mission drives the Gaia-X Architecture [2]
Latest Gaia-X Architecture document (April 2022)
Research on Industry 4.0, IIoT and Cyber-Physical Manufacturing Systems (in context)
One of the best places to start reviewing the literature on the state-of-the-art of manufacturing systems, and to start asking and looking for research questions that have already been started in the research community is the CIRP-paper by Monostori et al. from 2016, and an update from 2021 by ElMaraghy et al., with following intro (quote) below:
Manufacturing systems continue to evolve in design, configuration, operation, and control in an eco-system characterized by new drivers, more advanced enablers and disruptive technologies and business models. Socio-technical developments and business strategies will shape their future.
Evolution and future of manufacturing systems (2021)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2021.05.008
Smart manufacturing (Industry 4.0) industrial adoption
The smart manufacturing (Industry 4.0) adoption report [85] analyses the status in the manufacturing industry with regard to Industry 4.0. Overall, less than 30% of manufacturing companies use Industry 4.0 technologies to a great extent. In the regional comparison, North American companies have the highest adoption of Industry 4.0. The adoption of technologies and use cases varies between different industry sectors, with companies in the automotive sector using Industry 4.0 most extensively. For this also, the average return on investment and the likelihood to increase budget for Industry 4.0 technologies is highest in the automotive sector.
And
Digital and physical twins will become inseparable for more efficient and optimum operation, but humans will continue to be an essential part of interactive decision-making on the operational, tactical, and strategic levels.
People are the most adaptable and valuable assets in manufacturing systems. Integrating human experience and insights with machine learning visibility and cyber-physical digital and cognitive transformation requires new skills and upgraded multi-disciplinary education. More versatile and flexible work and workers will be essential. Remote work will increase enabled by enhanced digital operation transparency. The nature of work in manufacturing systems will change, and different jobs will appear to support the new technologies.
ElMaraghy et al. (2021), with added bold emphasis here.
Cyber-physical systems in manufacturing (2016)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2016.06.005 Link to publication - Get rights and content (through e.g. NTNU)
Abstract (Monostori et al., 2016)
One of the most significant advances in the development of computer science, information and communication technologies is represented by the cyber-physical systems (CPS). They are systems of collaborating computational entities which are in intensive connection with the surrounding physical world and its on-going processes, providing and using, at the same time, data-accessing and data-processing services available on the Internet. Cyber-physical production systems (CPPS), relying on the latest, and the foreseeable further developments of computer science, information and communication technologies on one hand, and of manufacturing science and technology, on the other, may lead to the 4th industrial revolution, frequently noted as Industrie 4.0. The paper underlines that there are significant roots in general – and in particular to the CIRP community – which point towards CPPS. Expectations towards research in and implementation of CPS and CPPS are outlined and some case studies are introduced. Related new R&D challenges are highlighted.
Augmented/Assisted Reality/Digital Tools
Examples of head mounted wearable computers/video/audio:
https://www.realwear.com/manufacturing/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HoloLens_2
NTNU IMTEL and learning content on AR (Erasmus+ project outcome)
AR for EU project with partners:
https://codereality.net/ar-for-eu-book/toc/
Background and results reported in Norwegian (Diku/HK-dir):
"Utviklet undervisningsressurser
Mikhail Fominykh og en kollega fikk penger fra Erasmus+ til å samarbeide med universiteter i England, Tyskland og Russland for å bøte på problemet.
I Erasmus+-prosjektet «AR-FOR-EU» jobbet de med å samle kunnskapen som fantes, utvikle undervisningsressurser og kurs, lage systemer for å dele beste praksis på tvers av Europa – og å skrive en lærebok som skal være til nytte for andre.
Resultatet er samlet på prosjektsiden Codereality og i en digital og kontinuerlig oppdatert lærebok. (online, updated textbook on AR, learning)
Det som Fominykh og hans kolleger har utviklet her, ligger til grunn når NTNU nå lærer studenter å kode AR."
AR for Enterprise (Networking): https://thearea.org/
Digital Tools and Digital Integration
CAD and add-ons for "eDrawings" from Solidworks as an example used by NTNU students and Industry. Legacy systems and culture for product development go much beyong "finding the right tool", and e.g. SolidWorks and others are working to show possible future and better state-of-the-art processes - and customer involvement through mixed reality and other digital tools.....
https://www.3ds.com/manufacturing
https://www.3ds.com/products-services/solidworks/solidworks-3dexperience/
And
PTC Vuforia (tools for mixed reality, interaction with digital models)
(link to be added....)
Materials and Processes (w/ link to wordpress website):
https://materialteknologi.wordpress.com/
Factory of The Future - Learning Factories (examples)
See EU level "Manufuture" for background.... on the theme "Factory of the Future"
See other page for "Learning Factories". The text below is barrowed from the webpages on the topic at BAE Systems (Aerospace and Defence):
Welcome to the Factory of the Future - a place where revolutionary technologies meet our adaptable and digitally minded engineering workforce to create incredible solutions to the problems of tomorrow. Working with a host of bright minds, from our strategic university research network to specialists in data, robotics, connectivity and 3D printing technology, our people have designed a first-of-its-kind, fully connected, digital factory. More than 40 blue chip and SME companies and academic institutions are collaborating with us on the project, driving the very best of UK innovation into the facility. Drawing on Industry 4.0 technologies, we’ve created a connected, intelligent hub at our site in Warton, in the North West of England, to demonstrate how military aircraft could be built in the future. It serves as an experimental hub equipped with state of the art technology to enable the brightest and boldest engineers to research, invest and test new technologies, build new capabilitiesand harness transformative ways of working.
From baesystems.com/en/factory-of-the-future
Digital Manufacturing - Digital tools and Digital Integration of Products and services is what Industry 4.0 is about in practice.
Recent updates may be found online, e.g. BAE Systems highlights key enabling technologies and visions (and test-beds) for the future of manufacturing (aircraft and support systems):
https://www.baesystems.com/en/factory-of-the-future