Web based resources (IIC etc)

https://www.iiconsortium.org/ (news)

https://hub.iiconsortium.org/homepage (icons)

https://www.enisa.europa.eu/

https://www.mimosa.org/mimosa-osa-eai/

ENISA is important to promote cyber-security in a European context -- not least to guide small and medium enterprises in manufacturing/Industry 4.0 settings.

MIMOSA Open System Architecture- in particular for asset administration/operations and maintenance is highly relevant (depending on your point of view...).

The Industry IoT Consortium (IIC) is probably the best place to explore current efforts of advancing the knowledge and standards including: 

• updated reference architectures (and patterns)
• open white papers on the most important subjects/use-cases and technologies (to be discussed)
• Foundational documents (and resources for communication)

Patterns and best practice examples, systems and models for re-use and inspiration are valuable. 

In addition to the use of a relevant "reference architecture", a systems architect needs to understand the key points of view (e.g as described in IIRA), in order to promote an understanding of the requirements and the important stakeholders  of the system of interest. In practice, many stakeholders and architects may be involved in complex systems.

Architecture Models like the OSI model for the internet and the ISA 95 model for industrial information systems are well known patterns/theory used in the industry and current "state-of-the-art", below example (figure by Badarinath Katti, thesis, 2020):

  Figure by Badarinath Katti, PhD thesis (see ref. [B Katti, Thesis, Doktor-Ingenieur, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 2020] for context and background)

Industry 4.0 education is a key component/building block for a modern  engineering education, including multi-disciplinary team-working and systems thinking. Soft skills may be just as important as "hard skills" like programming or machining. Personal and context-specific communication with active feed-back to and from other (human) actors (friends, colleagues, fellow students, supervisors) is a very important part a learning and training as an engineer - as outlined in e.g. the CDIO framework <link> and the current "CDIO Syllabus 3.0":

http://www.cdio.org/framework-benefits/cdio-syllabus:

Education happens through systematic "Learning by doing" - and is a continuous process going well beyond a formal education- at NTNU or elsewhere. Knowing where to start is often a great challenge, and guidance may be hard to find- even though Industry 4.0 and Education 4.0 and similar concepts are everywhere on the internet and already a part of popular culture in various forms....

Experiential Learning is a foundation of modern education, not least in engineering - and "Learning Factories". The pedagogy and philosophy shares some common models with the "learning cycle" also known as the Deming cycle of Plan-Do-Study-Act -or PDCA for plan-do-check-act. In the industry this is often related to the so-called "Lean" philosophy and quality focus on continuous improvement ("Kaizen")...

Some useful video-content and more background (and quote below) on experiential learning may be found online based on the work of Kolb et al. through:

https://experientiallearninginstitute.org/resources/what-is-experiential-learning/ 

“There are two goals in the experiential learning process. One is to learn the specifics of a particular subject, and the other is to learn about one’s own learning process.”
- David A. Kolb

A good way of learning is also to listen to others, and when you find a good podcast or a nice blog (or new post on LinkedIn or similar) that you can relate to - we can also find inspiration to ask better questions. One good example of a very relevant podcast on Industry 4.0 is the "Augmented Ops", with link embedded in the image from episode 24 below (spotify version):

<https://www.augmentedpodcast.co/episodes>

The vision(s) of the future of smart manufacturing, including new (and more) sensors and increasingly advanced information systems for better decision-support are fueled by emerging ICT-technology we all use- more or less. Like usable, generative AI - and integrated tools like Microsoft Copilot etc. (as deployed at NTNU). Link to NTNU wiki in Norwegian. And in English:

https://i.ntnu.no/wiki/-/wiki/English/Copilot

The below example of a very relevant and good blog on IT and such, including the latest developments on "ChatGPT and friends" is also posted under the section "People-Planet..." on this wiki:

Nice blog on IT-strategy and Architecture

https://ea.rna.nl/all-that-it-what-is-it-doing-to-us/

All that IT, is changing us as humans- and our business plans and requirements.  The user-centric and human point of view is central to good IT, -and smart manufacturing systems - as elaborated very well in the series of reflections/blogs by Gerben Wierda (on IT-strategy and Architecture). 

Learning factory examples

See info on the Cyber-Physical Learning Factory at NTNU via link to examples above (title) or the link to the department website below:

https://www.ntnu.edu/ivb/manulab

"It all depends on your point of view". Link to viewpoints defined in the IIRA may be helpful. Others may be just as important to you. Figure caption/text also includes a short intro on "viewpoints", in text below.  In the figure above, a conceptual model (figure above) of a learning factory is central for discussing points of view in a learning context. Together with key enabling technology such as AR, "Augmented Reality" and AI,  "Assisted/Artificial Intelligence", Learning Factories are used in the context of the vision (and implementation) of Industry 4.0 (top). The figure was first presented in a paper from 2020 (Tvenge et al.), available at NTNU Open: 

https://ntnuopen.ntnu.no/ntnu-xmlui/handle/11250/2719708

So-called "Learning factories (book)" have been developed over the years, and may be viewed as best-practice and "The future of Industry 4.0 Education".  A recent textbook on Learning factories by Abele et al. (Springer) is available through the link below, and e.g. the NTNU library - also as a pdf-version/eBook:

https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-92261-4

The background, definitions and many examples are presented in the textbook, and related literature. Together with end-users and partners, Festo Didactic has implemented a large number of Cyber-Physical Learning Factories at NTNU and elsewhere.

A recent paper describes  "A Learning Approach for Future Competencies in Manufacturing using a Learning Factory", available through CIRP and Science Direct, also in link(title): https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212827123004055?via%3Dihub

In any approach to understanding complex systems, the viewpoint (link to previous IIRA hub/overview version) will determine how the system looks to an actor, or user- or learner. A view may highlight different system components, or aspects and details of any particular system function. A simple scale (bottom-up) mapping of "Human centric" vs "Machine centric" points of view may be helpful- not least to discuss the functions of the Human-Machine-Interfaces (HMI) of the system and its components. 

More examples and context to follow:

https://www.ntnu.edu/ivb

https://www.ntnu.edu/ivb/laboratories

https://www.sintef.no/prosjekter/2023/industri-4-i-praksis/ 

And below examples - (also posted under "Learning Factory..." main page on this wiki)

Learning Factory - Project examples

Some theory and background - see the child-page "Materials and Processes"

Some updates to be added later. 

A few selected scientific papers (highlights)

In Norway we share a common database - and published data is also presented for each employee at NTNU. NTNU Open shares reports, manuscripts and research - including students thesis work. For "Learning Factories" in manufacturing education a few of the most relevant papers in our context are highlighted and shared on a sub-page here (link below and title above) - including student work at MSc, PhD-level.

A few selected papers, including PhD-work at NTNU IVB

People-Profits-Planet (Stories and context)

And a very brief introduction to Industry 4.0 in our context (link to narrated pptx)

This wiki-page will form a joint study of this wide topic (Industry 4.0) and education to support the smart factories of the future. 

The famous image above, from December 1968- taken on the Apollo 8 mission marks a paradigm-shift in our thinking about our place in the universe- in space and time. As of December 2022, it's been 50 years since a human walked on the moon- but the Artemis missions now clearly marks the return- soon. As engineers and scientists we find inspiration in finding the sustainable solutions we need to survive on "spaceship earth".  

We start through a project and aim to continue after the project - through ongoing support at our places of work and life (support) at home.

More Stories and Context will be added as we continue our studies and cooperation.

Industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing. What do these terms mean? Can they be used interchangeably or not?

https://blog.isa.org/what-is-industry-40

Jeff Winter (follow on LinkedIn if you can)

The blog-text presented on ISA's web-page (above quote) is probably the best definition of Industry 4.0 available, but has to be pointed to by users in manufacturing and related fields. So, please help share this when you can - and contribute to discussions where you are. For students at NTNU, and connected to our 2 year Master program (MSc) in Sustainable Manufacturing you can access other text and clippings also "offline", not least on the Blackboard Learning Management System (course work).

We start our wiki-page with a similar question, just as relevant for us, and the "Industrial Internet", and the Cyber-Physical Production Systems of the (near) future: 

What is smart, sustainable manufacturing?

In 2016, the NIST provided the following introduction and a good overview of state-of-the-art that applies to planet-wide initiatives also, not just the USA (link below): 

A manufacturer’s sustainable competitiveness depends on its capabilities with respect to cost, delivery, flexibility, and quality [1]. Smart Manufacturing Systems (SMS) attempt to maximize those capabilities by using advanced technologies that promote rapid flow and widespread use of digital information within and between manufacturing systems[2][3][4]. SMS are driving unprecedented gains in production agility, quality, and efficiency across U.S. manufacturers, improving long-term competitiveness. Specifically, SMS use information and communication technologies along with intelligent software applications to

1. Optimize the use of labor, material, and energy to produce customized, high-quality products for ontime delivery.

2. Quickly respond to changes in market demands and supply chains. 

NIST (2016): http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.8107

And, in particular for Sustainable Manufacturing:

Sustainability: While time and cost as measures of productivity have been the traditional drivers for manufacturing, sustainability has taken on more importance. Measurement science for manufacturing sustainability is not as mature as for time and cost and is an active area of research [18] [19]. As productivity and agility of manufacturing systems increases, the necessity for better understanding and controlling the sustainability-related impacts of those systems increases. Manufacturing sustainability is defined in terms of environmental impact (such as energy and natural resources), safety and well-being of employees, and economic viability [9]. 

So, as shared elsewhere on this wiki: .... Industry 4.0 is about merging the physical worlds of operational technologies, with the virtual/digital domain of information technology. And in a human-centric point of view, it is the best use of new and old technologies and solutions that work best together - that will work best for us. A realistic approach must be both practical, economic, useful - but also inspirational and with a vision of future opportunities - and risks.