Industry Internet of Things Consortium - (Resources Hub)
OPC Foundation (Connectivity) and Cyber-Physical Systems (Research)
Enterprise Architecture - Enterprise Modeling - Digital Manufacturing
https://www.iiconsortium.org/
"The effect of a given enabler extends beyond the resolution of technical problems into discovering challenges, providing new perspectives on current problems, and uncovering previously unconsidered use cases. The disruption expands beyond the boundary of technology and into the business realm, transforming the way companies think, operate and act."
IIC 2022, Q2-report (intro)
Industry IoT Consortium Updates Industrial Internet Reference Architecture - Industry IoT Consortium
https://www.iiconsortium.org/press-room/11-15-22/
The IIRA v1.10 was released toward the end of 2022. The industrial internet reference architecture (IIRA) is close to being revised to a new version "2.0", but the updated version 1.10 will likely be useful for many years. Versions 1.7 onwards have been used as reference literature and example for the NTNU course TØL4013.
To be contd... (continuous updates to web-site and publications, announcements)
Stay tuned!
INDUSTRY WHITE PAPERS (published on IIC webpages)
https://www.iiconsortium.org/white-papers/industry/
IIC-members like Microsoft, Toshiba, Fujitsu - and many others share content elsewhere also ....
....
By connecting objects across your entire enterprise, we enable you to collect powerful real-time data, reduce risk, automate operations, improve safety, anticipate service issues, build better products, pre-empt customer needs, and transform the user experience.
...
https://www.fujitsu.com/global/themes/internet-of-things/ (January, 2023)
On their overview of "IIoT" Fujitsu lists a number of key enablers that underpin "hyperconnected businesses":
Networks
Intelligent communications
IoT – The ability to co-create innovative solutions that can leverage the benefits of the IT/OT integration and a network that is fit for IoT services.
Analytics, Machine Learning, and Artificial Intelligence
Process Automation
Multi-Cloud
Transparency
See website for details, context and possible updates: https://www.fujitsu.com/global/themes/internet-of-things/
Gaia-X and Catena-X...
In Europe, but not limited to Europe, sharing data through Open Data Spaces - is a current and collaborative task, with updates around the Hannover Messe 2023.
LinkedIn updates on the architecture and plans for the Catena-X project and support services:
Manufacturing - X
To be updated.... (Gaia-X linked with Plattform Industrie 4.0 etc), see links below. Gaia-X etc.
Festo Didactic - Siemens - ABB - (and the others)
VDMA in Germany and the OPC UA are key to enabling the vision of Industry 4.0 / Industrie 4.0, starting in Germany around 2011 - The Industrie 4.0 Plattform - but increasingly global and integrated with IIC and other networks. The VDMA and OPC Foundation are updating information on the common standards for data and information exchange in the industry, e.g. at the relevant web-sites:
https://www.vdma.org/digitalization-industry-40
The Asset Administration Shell concept - an Industrie 4.0 model for practical, connected "digital twins" is probably best understood through the ongoing implementation project "BaSyx", available as Open Source at Eclipse:
https://wiki.eclipse.org/BaSyx
Also, we include useful links and background on the child-page "Asset Administration Shells etc" including the links and relations through AutomationML:
https://www.automationml.org/about-automationml/specifications/
Other practical examples of Industrie 4.0/Industry 4.0 include the systems and support offered by Festo Didactic - that form the basis for the implementation of the Learning Factory at NTNU Gjøvik campus, see other page. <link>
Industry 4.0 from the outset
The Cyber-Physical Lab is the professional and compact Industry 4.0 learning system from Festo Didactic. It includes all the technologies and components needed for communicating an in-depth knowledge of Industry 4.0.
The modular and flexible design has a range of learning scenarios, from individual pallet transfer systems with integrated controller right up to a connected production system with cloud services.
While - in order to get a better overview, including the recent digital library "Festo LX" may be useful to explore:
https://ip.festo-didactic.com/InfoPortal/EN/index.html
Related is also the Robotino "ecosystem" for learning and co-creating automation and robotics for Smart Factories:
ROBOTINO-WIKI:
https://wiki.openrobotino.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&oldid=4460
And the CIROS 3D model based simulation software <link>
Our research partner - SINTEF with many connections to both NTNU and the industry has created the following model for the "Manufacturing Eco-system" based on a well-known "house model" for Lean thinking, including Digital Lean, and Sustainable Manufacturing.
From: https://www.sintef.no/manufacturing/avdelinger/industrielle-okosystemer/
Standards and Connectivity:
"ISA-95", DDS and OPC UA are a few of the key standards you should know about - and use when looking future and current systems architecture in manufacturing. There are many others. See figure below, right for the overview of current standards for Smart Manufacturing Systems (from NIST, 2016)- as aligned to the ISA-95 model. At NTNU you may find and download/read most of the standards you need:
https://i.ntnu.no/wiki/-/wiki/English/standards
OPC-UA and related standards are industry standards that in many ways both enable and characterize "Industry 4.0/Industrie 4.0" in practice. One of the most important aspects is the relation to the most important operational/device standard for cyber-security, as explained well in the pod-cast from the OPC Foundation. Does spotify work directly through the link below? Have to test...
<iframe style="border-radius:12px" src="
| Widget Connector | ||
|---|---|---|
|
Also, both OMG and the Open Group have useful web-pages with regular updates and links to the latest work and webinars to help you find "the right standard":
https://www.omg.org/industries/manufacturing.htm
etc.
The latest Robot Operating System framework ROS2 is based on DDS middleware and connectivity:
http://docs.ros.org/en/rolling/Concepts/About-Different-Middleware-Vendors.html
DDS is the preferred middleware and protocol for complex, distributed systems for e.g. autonomy and defence applications - though critical infrastructure and manufacturing systems also may require DDS.
For general connectivity in an "Industry 4.0" context, modern smart manufacturing is increasingly based on the OPC UA standard middleware, below link, while legacy standards like MT Connect and PROFINET will likely serve for many years:
https://reference.opcfoundation.org/
Documentation for OPC UA implementation work (content is updated)
OPC UA Overview (from the website)
The OPC UA Online Reference is a searchable collection of specifications and information models.
Information models are made available by publishing a index of types defined in the model as human readble tables. When possible the definition of a Type is linked to the appropriate section in the specification. These tables are generated automatically from the published NodeSet.
...
Every effort has been made to ensure the online versions of the specifications match the documents available on the OPC Foundation website. ...
OPC Unified Architecture and Time Sensitive Network connectivity
The paper by Bruckner et al. from 2019 is much read- and a useful starting point for students and researchers to explore the status of real-time connectivity application in an Industry 4.0 context:
Reference/citation:
D. Bruckner et al., "An Introduction to OPC UA TSN for Industrial Communication Systems," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 107, no. 6, pp. 1121-1131, June 2019, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2018.2888703.
Abstract, citations and full text and digital access is available through NTNU or other institution: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8610105
To be updated (recent citations, discussions, ...)
5G, 6G and AI and "Connecting People"
Universities like NTNU try to convey significant research and support the industry where we can - as educators and researchers. Personal experience and personal networks are still the key to learning and to "connecting people"- remember the old NOKIA slogan? Well, NOKIA is still connecting people and devices of the current and future internet of things. NOKIA Bell Labs is also one of the most obvious places to look and learn - and the website shows examples of historic and state-of-the-art research - and not least visions of the future. See link(s) below:
https://www.bell-labs.com/#gref
And the most important contribution at the moment, is perhaps the 6 key principles for making responsible AI, for more or less obvious reasons:
AI is radically disrupting the way new value is created. Companies are relying on AI to effectively leverage massive troves of data, creating scalable solutions. However, if they do so blindly or shortsightedly, they are potentially exposing themselves to reputational and even legal risks.
See more at the source: https://www.bell-labs.com/institute/blog/introducing-nokias-6-pillars-of-responsible-ai/
Responsible, Trustworthy AI is also the topic of active research at NTNU and partners at the SFI Norwai, e.g. at DNV:
https://www.ntnu.edu/web/norwai/research-activities-visions-and-plans-dnv
The spotify episode described and shown in the image/picture below should work directly as an embedded link. If not, you need to to "google" or go to your pod-cast app...
Also, both OMG and the Open Group have useful web-pages with regular updates and links to the latest work and webinars to help you find "the right standard":
https://www.omg.org/industries/manufacturing.htm
etc.
The latest Robot Operating System framework ROS2 is based on DDS middleware and connectivity:
http://docs.ros.org/en/rolling/Concepts/About-Different-Middleware-Vendors.html
DDS is the preferred middleware and protocol for complex, distributed systems for e.g. autonomy and defence applications - though critical infrastructure and advanced manufacturing systems also may require DDS. The latter view is very well presented by Sanderson, Chaplin and Ratchev in a CIRP paper from 2020 (link)- highly relevant as shown by example - highlighting the need for a systems architecture that may be most efficient by decreasing complexity. DDS seems very well suited to enable the future, smart manufacturing systems we need soon, while ensuring interoperability with legacy systems.
For general connectivity in an "Industry 4.0" context, modern smart manufacturing is increasingly based on the OPC UA standard protocol /middleware, below link, while legacy standards like MT Connect and PROFINET will likely serve for many years- in addition to RESTful integration:
https://reference.opcfoundation.org/
Documentation for OPC UA implementation work (content is updated)
OPC UA Overview (from the website)
The OPC UA Online Reference is a searchable collection of specifications and information models.
Information models are made available by publishing a index of types defined in the model as human readble tables. When possible the definition of a Type is linked to the appropriate section in the specification. These tables are generated automatically from the published NodeSet.
...
Every effort has been made to ensure the online versions of the specifications match the documents available on the OPC Foundation website. ...
OPC Unified Architecture and Time Sensitive Network connectivity
The paper by Bruckner et al. from 2019 is much read- and a useful starting point for students and researchers to explore the status of real-time connectivity application in an Industry 4.0 context:
Reference/citation:
D. Bruckner et al., "An Introduction to OPC UA TSN for Industrial Communication Systems," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 107, no. 6, pp. 1121-1131, June 2019, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2018.2888703.
Abstract, citations and full text and digital access is available through NTNU or other institution: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8610105
To be updated (recent citations, discussions, ...)
5G, 6G and AI and "Connecting People"
Universities like NTNU try to convey significant research and support the industry where we can - as educators and researchers. Personal experience and personal networks are still the key to learning and to "connecting people"- remember the old NOKIA slogan? Well, NOKIA is still connecting people and devices of the current and future internet of things. NOKIA Bell Labs is also one of the most obvious places to look and learn - and the website shows examples of historic and state-of-the-art research - and not least visions of the future. See link(s) below:
https://www.bell-labs.com/#gref
And the most important contribution at the moment, is perhaps the 6 key principles for making responsible AI, for more or less obvious reasons:
AI is radically disrupting the way new value is created. Companies are relying on AI to effectively leverage massive troves of data, creating scalable solutions. However, if they do so blindly or shortsightedly, they are potentially exposing themselves to reputational and even legal risks.
See more at the source: https://www.bell-labs.com/institute/blog/introducing-nokias-6-pillars-of-responsible-ai/
Responsible, Trustworthy AI is also the topic of active research at NTNU and partners at the SFI Norwai, e.g. at DNV:
https://www.ntnu.edu/web/norwai/research-activities-visions-and-plans-dnv
The Open Group Architecture Framework - with - Archimate (Modeling language)modeling tool
Modeling work requires focus, a use-case and at least an interested stakeholder or two to get started on any real information system modeling - and the challenge of implementing real change - and model-based continuous improvement efforts. The textbook (link below) by Lankhorst et al. is now in its 4th edition, and contains the basic background and overview of tools to motivate and learn to use of the ArchiMate language, based on a form of UML-practice, and business concerns. Please take the time to read- and explore!
We support use of the open source "Archi" for students and practitioners, and encourage donations if you can afford to, and when you see the value:
https://www.archimatetool.com/
The TOGAF standard for enterprise architecture was recently updated to version 10:
https://publications.opengroup.org/c220
And the ArchiMate version 3.2 was just released:
https://pubs.opengroup.org/architecture/archimate32-doc/
Lankhorst et al. (textbook and background, EA community)
Link to the textbook on Springer, also available at NTNU library: "Enterprise Architecture at Work":
Introduces the ArchiMate® 3.0 modelling language for enterprise architecture, an Open Group standard
Describes quantitative analysis methods to assess the impact of architectural changes
Provides new insights on the use of architecture models in capability-based planning, portfolio management and risk management
Briefly introduces industry standards and approaches like BPMN, UML, the Business Model Canvas, the Business Motivation Model and TOGAF 9.1 and relates them to ArchiMate® 3.0
Before going into the textbooks and perhaps, - even better, - while studying other organised learning materials, it's helpful to look at modern EA tool-vendors/support teams like Ardoq (Norway-based) and BizzDesign (Netherlands-based) for introductions. And current updates:
https://www.ardoq.com/about-ardoq
Link to chat/video/talk-webinar on what Enterprise Architecture work is - and about EA (starting with Capability based planning) is available through LinkedIn.
While Ardoq also has a blog, perhaps the blog below is a better place to start:
The recent blog-post on Solution Architecture (below link) work shows that "learning by doing" and the so-called Deming cycle (PDCA/PDSA) - or variations of it - are useful in many complex study and change-projects. Lean thinking and IT solutions is an important topic these days (anno 2022/2023)- and will likely form real-world Industry 4.0 solutions also.
https://bizzdesign.com/blog/what-makes-solution-architects-tick-and-how-they-can-be-successful/
Layering — is it really a useful approach in Business/IT/Enterprise Architecture?
The question is the title from a recent (at the time of writing- the most recent!) blog post by Gerben Wierda on his website on Enterprise Architecture - EA - and related matters on IT, life and the universe (to borrow a bit or 2 from Douglas Adams):
Could be explored further here- but leave that for later. For now. But please have a look at blog in link above - before or after looking at the links below...
For manufacturing the most important enterprise architecture is - still- the ISA95 model (Automation pyramid), originating from the Purdue Enterprise Reference Architecture model (1995). Still relevant, as presented in the fine LinkedIn article by Jonas Berge (below). For Industry 4.0 one can build on what works - and add (smart/cognitive/...) systems and sub-systems at all levels (stepwise), using an Open Architecture, perhaps something similar to the "NOA", below (via LinkedIn) as argued by Jonas Berge and others.
In 2016 a very useful overview of ISA 95 (legacy) and standards relevant for the smart factory "ecosystem" models was provided by NIST (2016): http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.8107
Architecture: Flat or Structured ISA 95/Purdue
Architecture: Flat or Structured ISA 95/Purdue:
- Published March, 2022
Implementing the NAMUR Open Architecture (NOA):
<https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/implementing-namur-open-architecture-noa-jonas-berge/>
- Published on November 20, 2019
Center NOA pyramid image in contribution on LinkedIn is courtesy NAMUR (via LinkedIn article in reference, link above)
Jonas Berge (contact through LinkedIn/email)
The well known MESA Model has been updated in 2022, offering more background and usecases in the industry:
MESA Model: A Framework for Smart Manufacturing (from the website below)
For more information on MESA’s model, visit www.mesa.org/model
While a very useful overview of MESA (legacy) and other smart factory models is
The Open Group Architecture Framework - with - Archimate (Modeling language)modeling tool
Modeling work requires focus, a use-case and at least an interested stakeholder or two to get started on any real information system modeling - and the challenge of implementing real change - and model-based continuous improvement efforts. The textbook (link below) by Lankhorst et al. is now in its 4th edition, and contains the basic background and overview of tools to motivate and learn to use of the ArchiMate language, based on a form of UML-practice, and business concerns. Please take the time to read- and explore!
We support use of the open source "Archi" for students and practitioners, and encourage donations if you can afford to, and when you see the value:
https://www.archimatetool.com/
The TOGAF standard for enterprise architecture was recently updated to version 10:
https://publications.opengroup.org/c220
And the ArchiMate version 3.2 was just released:
https://pubs.opengroup.org/architecture/archimate32-doc/
Lankhorst et al. (textbook and background, EA community)
Link to the textbook on Springer, also available at NTNU library: "Enterprise Architecture at Work":
Introduces the ArchiMate® 3.0 modelling language for enterprise architecture, an Open Group standard
Describes quantitative analysis methods to assess the impact of architectural changes
Provides new insights on the use of architecture models in capability-based planning, portfolio management and risk management
Briefly introduces industry standards and approaches like BPMN, UML, the Business Model Canvas, the Business Motivation Model and TOGAF 9.1 and relates them to ArchiMate® 3.0
Before going into the textbooks and perhaps, - even better, - while studying other organised learning materials, it's helpful to look at modern EA tool-vendors/support teams like Ardoq (Norway-based) and BizzDesign (Netherlands-based) for introductions. And current updates:
https://www.ardoq.com/about-ardoq
Link to chat/video/talk-webinar on what Enterprise Architecture work is - and about EA (starting with Capability based planning) is available through LinkedIn.
While Ardoq also has a blog, perhaps the blog below is a better place to start:
The recent blog-post on Solution Architecture (below link) work shows that "learning by doing" and the so-called Deming cycle (PDCA/PDSA) - or variations of it - are useful in many complex study and change-projects. Lean thinking and IT solutions is an important topic these days (anno 2022/2023)- and will likely form real-world Industry 4.0 solutions also.
https://bizzdesign.com/blog/what-makes-solution-architects-tick-and-how-they-can-be-successful/
Layering — is it really a useful approach in Business/IT/Enterprise Architecture?
The question is the title from a recent (at the time of writing- the most recent!) blog post by Gerben Wierda on his website on Enterprise Architecture - EA - and related matters on IT, life and the universe (to borrow a bit or 2 from Douglas Adams):
Could be explored further here- but leave that for later. For now. But please have a look at blog in link above - before or after looking at the links below...
For manufacturing the most important enterprise architecture is - still- the ISA95 model (Automation pyramid), originating from the Purdue Enterprise Reference Architecture model (1995). Still relevant, as presented in the fine LinkedIn article by Jonas Berge (below). For Industry 4.0 one can build on what works - and add (smart/cognitive/...) systems and sub-systems at all levels (stepwise), using an Open Architecture, perhaps something similar to the "NOA", below (via LinkedIn) as argued by Jonas Berge and others.
In 2016 a very useful overview of ISA 95 (legacy) and standards relevant for the smart factory "ecosystem" models was provided by NIST (2016): http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.8107
Architecture
: Flat or Structured ISA 95/Purdueand Business Capabilities (webinar)
Enterprise Architecture is about "Engineering Information Systems" and goes back to the early days of using computers - today all over the place - and with a confusing amount of more or less helpful information "online".
An excellent webinar/talk to understand the background and ways of thinking and working as an architect in the "Age of Information" is available at:
Architecture: Flat or Structured ISA 95/Purdue:
- Published March, 2022
Implementing the NAMUR Open Architecture (NOA):
<https://www.linkedinarchitecturescoe.com/pulseorg/implementingenterprise-namurarchitecture-openfrom-architecture1972-noato-jonastoday-berge/>
- Published on November 20, 2019
Center NOA pyramid image in contribution on LinkedIn is courtesy NAMUR (via LinkedIn article in reference, link above)
Jonas Berge (contact through LinkedIn/email)
The well known MESA Model has been updated in 2022, offering more background and usecases in the industry:
MESA Model: A Framework for Smart Manufacturing (from the website below)
For more information on MESA’s model, visit www.mesa.org/model
Business Architecture and Strategy are related fields of study and practice, and a likely important understanding may usefully explored in the webinar you can perhaps watch - as a recorded webinar "Which comes first – Business Architecture or Business Capabilities?" via the link: https://www.architecturescoe.org/resourcesall/which-comes-first-business-architecture-or-business-capabilities
On Strategy and the Internet of Things (Porter et al.)
While a very useful overview of MESA (legacy) and other smart factory models is provided by NIST (2016): http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.8107
Gaia-X (Digital Infrastructure Europe)
" The future of our economy is driven by digital economy, a new way to build value on top of the existing physical ecosystem, products, and services, using data. This is achieved through the creation of Data Spaces, digital ecosystems that represent the physical or analogical ecosystem underlying them, through the collection and exchange of data across the multiple participants and organisations in the value chain."
From the website. To be contd.... (updates are frequent as of 2022)
https://gaia-x.eu/
Gaia-X is excited to 📣 announce the launch of our fresh new 🌐website, which features an improved user experience, new content, a rebranded identity, new landing pages, updated sections, animations, and a significantly clearer structure, look and feel. Enjoy the navigation! Our next release has planned for further interactive elements, new microsites on data spaces and Hubs, the Summit series and many more. |
Architecture and plans (April, 2022):
Gaia-X aims to create a federated open data infrastructure based on European values regarding data and cloud sovereignty. The mission of Gaia-X is to design and implement a data sharing architecture that consists of common standards for data sharing, best practices, tools, and governance mechanisms. It also constitutes an EU-anchored federation of cloud infrastructure and data services, to which all 27 EU member states have committed themselves [1]. This overall mission drives the Gaia-X Architecture [2]
Latest Gaia-X Architecture document (April 2022)
The Catena-X initiative is perhaps the most relevant and advanced of the current efforts under Gaia-X, at least for manufacturing.
Catena-X Vision:
Catena-X is the first collaborative, open data ecosystem for the automotive industry of the future, linking global players into end-to-end value chains - as simply, securely and independently as never before. The shared goal: a standardized global data exchange based on European values. The claim is data sovereignty. Participation is rewarded with above-average resilience, innovative strength and earnings opportunities. And Catena-X is open! Other industries and ecosystems can be integrated at any time.
More about our vision! (link to Catena-X)
Factory of The Future - Learning Factories (examples)
See EU level "Manufuture" for background.... on the theme "Factory of the Future"
See other page for Learning Factory examples at NTNU and elsweher.e...
See other page for "Learning Factories". The text below is barrowed from the webpages on the topic at BAE Systems (Aerospace and Defence):
Welcome to the Factory of the Future - a place where revolutionary technologies meet our adaptable and digitally minded engineering workforce to create incredible solutions to the problems of tomorrow. Working with a host of bright minds, from our strategic university research network to specialists in data, robotics, connectivity and 3D printing technology, our people have designed a first-of-its-kind, fully connected, digital factory. More than 40 blue chip and SME companies and academic institutions are collaborating with us on the project, driving the very best of UK innovation into the facility. Drawing on Industry 4.0 technologies, we’ve created a connected, intelligent hub at our site in Warton, in the North West of England, to demonstrate how military aircraft could be built in the future. It serves as an experimental hub equipped with state of the art technology to enable the brightest and boldest engineers to research, invest and test new technologies, build new capabilitiesand harness transformative ways of working.
From baesystems.com/en/factory-of-the-future
Digital Manufacturing - Digital tools and Digital Integration of Products and services is what Industry 4.0 is about in practice.
Recent updates may be found online, e.g. BAE Systems highlights key enabling technologies and visions (and test-beds) for the future of manufacturing (aircraft and support systems):
https://www.baesystems.com/en/factory-of-the-future
Research on Industry 4.0, IIoT and Cyber-Physical Manufacturing Systems (in context)
An excellent overview on Cyber Physical Systems is provided through this mapping of key terms/components available though an open website at Berkeley:
Cyber-Physical Systems - a Concept Map
https://ptolemy.berkeley.edu/projects/cps/
An interactive map is very useful. Also, one One of the best places to start reviewing the literature on the state-of-the-art of manufacturing systems, and to start asking and looking for research questions that have already been started in the research community is the CIRP-paper by Monostori et al. from 2016, and an update from 2021 by ElMaraghy et al., with following intro (quote) below:
Manufacturing systems continue to evolve in design, configuration, operation, and control in an eco-system characterized by new drivers, more advanced enablers and disruptive technologies and business models. Socio-technical developments and business strategies will shape their future.
Evolution and future of manufacturing systems (2021)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2021.05.008
Smart manufacturing (Industry 4.0) industrial adoption
The smart manufacturing (Industry 4.0) adoption report [85] analyses the status in the manufacturing industry with regard to Industry 4.0. Overall, less than 30% of manufacturing companies use Industry 4.0 technologies to a great extent. In the regional comparison, North American companies have the highest adoption of Industry 4.0. The adoption of technologies and use cases varies between different industry sectors, with companies in the automotive sector using Industry 4.0 most extensively. For this also, the average return on investment and the likelihood to increase budget for Industry 4.0 technologies is highest in the automotive sector.
And
Digital and physical twins will become inseparable for more efficient and optimum operation, but humans will continue to be an essential part of interactive decision-making on the operational, tactical, and strategic levels.
People are the most adaptable and valuable assets in manufacturing systems. Integrating human experience and insights with machine learning visibility and cyber-physical digital and cognitive transformation requires new skills and upgraded multi-disciplinary education. More versatile and flexible work and workers will be essential. Remote work will increase enabled by enhanced digital operation transparency. The nature of work in manufacturing systems will change, and different jobs will appear to support the new technologies.
ElMaraghy et al. (2021), with added bold emphasis here.
Cyber-physical systems in manufacturing (2016)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2016.06.005 Link to publication - Get rights and content (through e.g. NTNU)
Abstract (Monostori et al., 2016)
One of the most significant advances in the development of computer science, information and communication technologies is represented by the cyber-physical systems (CPS). They are systems of collaborating computational entities which are in intensive connection with the surrounding physical world and its on-going processes, providing and using, at the same time, data-accessing and data-processing services available on the Internet. Cyber-physical production systems (CPPS), relying on the latest, and the foreseeable further developments of computer science, information and communication technologies on one hand, and of manufacturing science and technology, on the other, may lead to the 4th industrial revolution, frequently noted as Industrie 4.0. The paper underlines that there are significant roots in general – and in particular to the CIRP community – which point towards CPPS. Expectations towards research in and implementation of CPS and CPPS are outlined and some case studies are introduced. Related new R&D challenges are highlighted.
Augmented/Assisted Reality/Digital Tools
A few years ago, in the Harvard Business Review
Michael Porter et al., 2017. This paper, in the link below - is good for discussing "Industry 4.0" and the specific case of augmented reality from a strategic business point of view. Not limited to manufacturing- the paper takes time to read- but is worth it:
https://hbr.org/2017/11/a-managers-guide-to-augmented-reality%E2%80%8B
XR - AR For production environments
In Norway the Hololens 1 and 2 (XR HMD) from Microsoft are not so easy to buy perhaps, but the IT enterprise Bouvet functions as a "reseller"- including support and their own application for bringing value more quickly for manufacturing and other industries.
The prime use case now for AR is as a tool for remote assistance and hands-free guidance on maintenance and inspection problems.
https://en.bouvet.no/about-bouvet/lens-by-bouvet
Much research and testing is being done, both at NTNU and elsewhere. One example is at the Norwegian Wood Cluster - networking and innovating together with a large group of stakeholders in the wood based manufacturing and processing industries in Norway/Nordics the following link is a nice intro to XR/AR for Norwegians/Swedes (video-recoring in Swedish):
https://innovatum.confetti.events/virtual-reality-och-augmented-reality-i-produktionsmilj
Examples of head mounted displays/ wearable computers/video/audio:
https://www.realwear.com/manufacturing/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HoloLens_2
A few more to be added soon.... (and give a comment below if you have a strong opinion here)
NTNU IMTEL and learning content on AR (Erasmus+ project outcome)
AR for EU project with partners have developed an eBook resource for learning/teaching:
https://codereality.net/ar-for-eu-book/toc/
The intention is to keep the material up to date. Good read!
Background from the project and the results, below- as reported in Norwegian (Diku/HK-dir):
"Utviklet undervisningsressurser
Mikhail Fominykh og en kollega fikk penger fra Erasmus+ til å samarbeide med universiteter i England, Tyskland og Russland for å bøte på problemet.
I Erasmus+-prosjektet «AR-FOR-EU» jobbet de med å samle kunnskapen som fantes, utvikle undervisningsressurser og kurs, lage systemer for å dele beste praksis på tvers av Europa – og å skrive en lærebok som skal være til nytte for andre.
Resultatet er samlet på prosjektsiden Codereality og i en digital og kontinuerlig oppdatert lærebok. (online, updated textbook on AR, learning)
Det som Fominykh og hans kolleger har utviklet her, ligger til grunn når NTNU nå lærer studenter å kode AR."
AR for Enterprise (Networking): https://thearea.org/
2022/2023: Find AR is a searchable database of 5272 articles pulled from ACM and IEEE databases since 2017. The articles have been categorized into 61 main topic areas. AREA members can search through this database and access relevant URL links to research, abstracts, and graphical information about Augmented Reality enterprise research.
Below are visualizations that describe the research within Find AR.
---> Try FindAR (see also webpage under "thearea.org").
(membership required....)
The Open AI Lab at NTNU
https://www.ntnu.edu/ailab
"The Elements of Artificial Intelligence" online course
The Open Elements of AI course is described elsewhere of this wiki, on the blog-page: https://www.ntnu.no/wiki/x/IwsEEQ
Digital Tools and Digital Integration
CAD and add-ons for e.g. "eDrawings" from Solidworks, or the Fusion360 platform from Autodesk, are examples of "Digital Manufacturing" tools used by NTNU students and Industry. Legacy systems and culture for product development go much beyond "finding the right tool", and e.g. SolidWorks and others are working to show possible future and better state-of-the-art processes - and customer involvement through mixed reality and other digital tools.....
Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) are in practice also tools for "Digital Manufacturing", though so-called "Digital Twins" may be viewed as the future platforms for product and machine data for Human-Machine Interface(s) and operations including Cyber-Physical Production Systems. A few examples:
https://hssmi.org/digital-manufacturing-tools/
https://www.3ds.com/manufacturing
https://www.3ds.com/products-services/solidworks/solidworks-3dexperience/
3DS and Vuforia are good examples....
PTC Vuforia (tools for mixed reality, interaction with digital models)
https://www.ptc.com/en/technologies/augmented-reality
(a few more links to be added....)