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- Pedagogy. We have to work around the theme of inquiry based science teaching & education (IBST/E). In some countries IBST/E is a concept which is well known and widely used. In others, there may be a more traditional approach involving the learning of facts, formulae etc. without any of the characteristics of IBST/E.
- Curriculum. The way that the science curriculum is determined in a particular country will have an effect on the way in which science can be taught.
- Assessment. as with the curriculum, assessment methods have a role in determining how science is taught.
- Policy. Policy wraps all the above aspects together in different ways from country to country. Who makes policy and what are the drivers of science education policy in specific contexts?