Sykefravær og konjunkturer – en oversikt
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5324/nje.v19i2.581Sammendrag
Statistikk over sykefravær er ofte positivt korrelert med de makroøkonomiske konjunkturene, og dermed negativt med arbeidsledigheten. Det gjelder også for sykefravær utover arbeidsgiverperioden. I Norge var korrelasjonen sterk i 1989-1999, men deretter har den bare vært synlig i kortere perioder. Sammenhengen er også påvist i andre land, og korrelasjonen har vært spesielt sterk i Sverige. Artikkelen søker å gi en oversikt over den tilgjengelige kunnskapen om sammenhengen og mulige mekanismer som kan ligge bak, med vekt på norske og delvis svenske forhold.
Tre hypoteser som søker å forklare sammenhengen blir gjennomgått. Selv om det kan være kontekstavhengig hvilken eller hvilke av dem som stemmer best med virkeligheten, synes det generelt å være sterkest dokumentasjon for disiplineringshypotesen, altså at høy ledighet virker disiplinerende på arbeidstakerne uten at helsetilstanden som sådan er påvirket. Ifølge hypotesen kan økende ledighet innebære både nedgang i antall illegitime sykefravær og unødvendig lange sykefravær, samt økt sykenærvær. Disiplineringshypotesen virker også lettest å forene med at sammenhengen mellom sykefravær og konjunkturer i Norge er svakere enn før.
Sammensetningshypotesen handler om at konjunkturene påvirker sammensetningen av arbeidsstyrken slik at personer med marginal tilknytning til arbeidsmarkedet og høyt sykefravær utgjør en større andel av arbeidsstyrken i en høykonjunktur enn i en lavkonjunktur. Hypotesen har fått begrenset empirisk støtte, men det er gjort få studier, og metodene som er brukt er usikre. En gjennomgang av mulige sammensetningsmekanismer tyder imidlertid ikke på at sammensetningseffekter kan forklare noen stor del av korrelasjonen. I samme retning trekker det at
mesteparten av den "prosykliske" variasjonen i sykefraværet utover arbeidsgiverperioden skyldes svingninger i andelen sykmeldte lønnstakere. Stresshypotesen går ut på at en konjunkturoppgang medfører økt belastning og stress og derved påvirker både helsetilstand og sykefravær. Denne hypotesen må sees i sammenheng med forskning som viser at både dødeligheten og helsemessige risikofaktorer er positivt korrelert med konjunkturene. Men siden sammenhengen ikke ser ut til å gjelde i aldersgruppen 30-60 år, er det tvilsomt om denne hypotesen er noen viktig forklaring på svingningene i sykefraværet. Også økt nedbemanning i konjunkturnedganger kan bidra til en sammenheng mellom sykefraværet og konjunkturene, men med motsatt fortegn. Denne effekten gjelder særlig varigheten av lengre fravær, samt forbruket av mer langsiktige trygdeytelser.
Nossen JP. Sickness absence and the economic cycle: A review. Nor J Epidemiol 2009; 19 (2): 115-125.
ENGLISH SUMMARY
Statistics on sickness absence tends to be positively correlated with the economic cycle, and thereby negatively correlated with the unemployment rate. In Norway this is also the case for sickness absence exceeding 16 days. The correlation was strong in Norway in 1989-1999, but after that it has only been apparent for short periods. The same relationship has been shown in other countries, and it has been particularly strong in Sweden. This article aims to review the available evidence on the relationship and possible mechanisms behind it, with special emphasis on the situation in Norway and partly Sweden.
Three hypotheses that seek to explain the relationship are discussed. Although which one (or which ones) is most accurate may be dependent on context, in general the evidence seems to be in favour of the disciplinary effects hypothesis. According to this explanation increases in unemployment has a disciplinary effect on the worker - or possibly on the certifying doctor - such that both the propensity to be absent and the absence duration is reduced without a corresponding change in his or her health status. This can be attributed both to a reduction in the number of illegitimate absences and unnecessarily long absences, as well as increased sickness presence. The disciplinary effects hypothesis also seems to be best able to explain the seemingly reduced strength of the relationship after a legislative reform in 2004.
The labour force composition hypothesis says that the economic cycle influences the composition of workers in such a way that persons with a marginal labour market association and high sickness absence constitutes a larger share of workers in good times than in bad times. The hypothesis has received limited empirical support, but only a few studies have been done, and the methods used have weaknesses. However, the discussion of possible composition mechanisms does not indicate that compositional effects are likely to explain a large part of the correlation. This conclusion is supported by the fact that most of the "procyclic" variation in sickness absence exceeding 16 days is due to changes in the share of sick-listed employees, while the average number of absence days per sick-listed employee to a smaller extent is influenced by the economic cycle. The so-called stress hypothesis says that an economic upturn leads to increased strain and stress and thereby influences both health and sickness absence. This hypothesis is related to research that shows that mortality and several health-related risk factors are positively correlated to the economic cycle. But since this relationship does not appear to hold for the age group 30-60 years, it seems unlikely that the hypothesis can explain a significant part of the cyclical variation in sickness absence.
In addition to the three hypotheses, increased downsizing in a recession may also contribute to the relationship between sickness and the economic cycle, but with the opposite sign. This effect especially concerns the duration of longer absences, as well as the use of more long-term disability benefits.
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