Osteoporose – risikofaktor eller sykdom? Definisjon, utbredelse, årsaker, diagnostisering og forebyggende tiltak
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5324/nje.v9i2.482Sammendrag
SAMMENDRAG
Vi vet foreløpig lite om utbredelsen av osteoporose i Norge – dvs. bentetthet (BMD) minst 2,5 standardavvik
under gjennomsnittet for unge kvinner. Vi vet heller ikke om det har vært noen økning de siste 10-årene.
Denne artikkelen gir en oversikten over emnet osteoporose – med vekt på risikofaktorer og forebyggende
tiltak, og drøfter WHOs definisjon av osteoporose. I henhold til denne er osteoporose
både en risikofaktor for
brudd –
og en betegnelse på en tilstand som forutsetter minst ett brudd (etablert osteoporose). Definisjonen
innebærer at diagnosen osteoporose avhenger av det normalmaterialet man sammenliker med, og medfører at
en meget stor andel av norske kvinner over 70 år vil få diagnosen osteoporose. En slik medikalisering vil
kunne føre til hyppige legekontroller, angst og lavere fysisk aktivitet av redsel for å falle. Osteoporose er
asymptomatisk før man har fått brudd, og har ingen automatiske behandlingsmessige konsekvenser. Man kan
likevel frykte at WHOs definisjon vil tvinge frem krav om medikamentell
forebyggende behandling. Dette er
problematisk fordi det er stor overlapping i bentetthet mellom de som får brudd og de som ikke får. Måling av
BMD er imidlertid den beste metoden vi i dag har for å forutsi brudd – og er like god som blodtrykksmåling er
til å forutsi slag. For å vurdere individuell risiko, bør imidlertid flere risikofaktorer for brudd kombineres. De
viktigste risikofaktorene for lav bentetthet er: lav kroppsvekt/lav relativ vekt, vektreduksjon, lavt inntak av
kalsium/D-vitamin, røyking, tidlig menopause, inaktivitet, høyt alkoholkonsum og genetiske faktorer. Tiltak
med fokus på noen av disse har vist positiv effekt på BMD.
Søgaard AJ.
Osteoporosis – risk factor or disease? Definition, distribution, aetiology, diagnosis and
ENGLISH SUMMARY
At present we do not know the distribution of osteoporosis in the Norwegian population – i.e. bone mineral
density (BMD) below 2.5 standard deviations of the mean of young females. Nor do we know whether or not
there has been any increase in the prevalence of osteoporosis the last decades. This paper reviews research
about osteoporosis – focusing on risk factors and preventive measures, and discusses the WHO definition of
osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is, in accordance to this definition,
both a risk factor for fracture and the notion of a
condition which presuppose a fracture (established osteoporosis). The definition implies that the diagnosis of
osteoporosis depend upon the material of reference we compare with, and entail that a large majority of
women above 70 years of age will have osteoporosis. This medicalization may lead to more frequent visits to
physicians for control, more anxiety and less frequent physical activity because of fear of falling. Osteoporosis
does not cause pain or loss of function before a fracture has occurred, and the diagnosis is not meant to initiate
therapy. Nevertheless we worry that the diagnosis may have its own momentum in that direction, and enforce
demands for more medicine for the purpose of prevention. This is problematic because there is a large overlap
in BMD between those who will have a future fracture – and those who will not. However, measuring BMD is
the best single method to predict future fracture, and is just as good as a measure of blood pressure is to predict
stroke. To assess individual risk, one should, however, use more than one fracture risk factor. The most
important risk factors for low BMD are: low weight/low body mass index, weight reduction, low intake of
calcium/vitamin-D, smoking, early menopause, inactivity, high alcohol consumption and genetic factors.
Interventions focusing on some of these factors have been effective in increasing/not reducing BMD.
Nor J Epidemiol 1999; 9 (2): 165-172prevention.
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