Kunnskapsbasert folkehelse – eksempel fysisk aktivitet
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5324/nje.v23i2.1642Sammendrag
Kunnskapsbasert folkehelse er et relativt nytt begrep hvor a) behov og verdier i populasjonen, b) sosiale og lokale forhold, c) tilgjengelige ressurser, og d) beste tilgjengelige kunnskap fra forskning inkluderes i beslutningsgrunnlaget for valg av tiltak for å bedre folkehelsen. I artikkelen brukes fysisk aktivitet som eksempel for å illustrere hva kunnskapsbasert folkehelse kan innebære i praksis. Flere store undersøkelser basert på representative utvalg viser at det fysiske aktivitetsnivået i den norske befolkningen er lavt. Vi vet fra internasjonale studier at store forandringer av fysiske omgivelser, arbeidsliv og bruk av transportmidler har redusert fysisk aktivitet betraktelig over de siste tiårene. Det fysiske aktivitetsnivået er dessuten skjevt fordelt i befolkningen. Personer med høy utdanning har for eksempel høyere aktivitetsnivå enn personer med lav utdanning. I Norge kanaliseres offentlige midler for å fremme fysisk aktivitet til organisert idrett, satsing på egenorganisert idrett og friluftsliv, og målrettede satsinger på å nå de fysisk inaktive. Systematisk oppsummert kunnskap om effekt av tiltak for økt fysisk aktivitet viser at tiltak på individnivå gir en liten til moderat økning av fysisk aktivitet på kort sikt, at tiltak i skolen øker varighet av fysisk aktivitet i skolen for barn og ungdom, og at enkle, konkrete tiltak på samfunnsnivå øker fysisk aktivitet noe.
Denison E. Evidence-based public health: The example of physical activity. Nor J Epidemiol 2013; 23 (2): 181-185.
ENGLISH SUMMARY
Evidence-based public health is a relatively new concept implying that decisions about interventions in the public health area be based on a) population needs and values, b) social and local contexts, c) available resources, and d) the best available scientific evidence. In this article physical activity is used to illustrate evidence-based public health in practice. Several large studies based on representative samples have demonstrated that the level of physical activity in the Norwegian population is low. International studies have shown that big changes in our physical environments, working lives, and transportation over the latest decades have reduced the level of physical activity substantially. In addition, the level of physical activity is skewed in the population. Persons with higher education are for example more active than persons with lower education. Public resources for physical activity in Norway are directed to organized sports, to initiatives for self-organized physical activity in sports and outdoor life, and to efforts to reach the physically inactive. Systematic reviews about effects of interventions to increase physical activity show that interventions targeting individuals give small to moderate increases of physical activity in the short term, that school based interventions increase the duration of physical activity in children and adolescents, and that simple, concrete interventions at the community level increase physical activity somewhat.
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