Metaanalyse
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5324/nje.v23i2.1636Sammendrag
Metaanalyse er en kvantitativ metode for å oppsummere resultatene av flere enkeltstudier. I en metaanalyse forsøker man å tallfeste behandlingseffekten, og man gir store studier større vekt enn små studier. En mye brukt metode for å vekte er invers variansmetoden. Dersom alle studiene har målt resultatene på samme måte kan resultatene brukes direkte i metaanalysen, men dersom det samme utfallet er målt på ulike måter, må man bruke standardiserte effektstørrelser hvor alle resultatene er omregnet til en felles skala. Dersom man tror at effekten av behandlingen vil være lik for alle, bortsett fra tilfeldige variasjoner, benytter man en fixed-effect modell. Tror man derimot at det vil være systematiske forskjeller i effekt når behandlingen gis i ulike kontekster, legges dette inn i en såkalt random-effects modell. Metaanalyser blir ofte fremstilt grafisk i form av forest plots. Hver linje representerer da én studie, med effektestimatet markert som et punkt, mens ytterpunktene av linjen representerer konfidensintervallet. Metaanalysen blir fremstilt som en diamant hvor bredden viser usikkerheten i estimatet. Dersom resultatene fra alle studiene trekker i samme retning er metaanalysen ”homogen”. Men dersom studiene spriker når det gjelder effektstørrelse og retning på effekt, er det ”heterogenitet”. Styrken ved metaanalyse er at den kan sammenfatte en stor mengde informasjon i ett tall. Samtidig er dette også svakheten ved metoden. Et enkelt tall kan ikke beskrive variasjonen på tvers av flere studier.
Smedslund G. Meta-analysis. Nor J Epidemiol 2013; 23 (2): 147-149.
ENGLISH SUMMARY
Meta-analysis is a quantitative method for summarizing single studies. In a meta-analysis, one tries to quantify the treatment effect, assigning more weight to large studies than to small studies. A much used method for weighting is the inverse variance method. If all studies have measured the results in the same way, the results can be used directly in the meta-analysis, but if the same outcome is measured in different ways across different studies, one has to use a standardized effect size where results are converted to a common scale. If it is believed that the effect is consistent across various populations and settings, one can employ a fixed-effect model. If systematic differences in effect can be expected, a random-effects model is used. Meta-analyses are often depicted as forest plots. Each line represents one study where the effect estimate is marked as a point on a line, with each end of the line representing the confidence interval around it. The meta-analysis is shown as a diamond where the width illustrates the uncertainty around the estimate. If all study results point in the same direction, the meta-analysis is considered “homogeneous”. But if the studies vary in their effect size and direction, the findings are “heterogeneous”. The strength of meta-analysis is that it can be used to summarize a large body of information in one number. This is also its limitation. One number cannot describe the variation that exists across different studies.
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