Thrombolytics and aspirin in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction: towards an understanding of factors limiting their use and consequences for overall benefit
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5324/nje.v11i1.540Abstract
SUMMARY
After clinical trials had overwhelmingly demonstrated that treatment with thrombolytics and aspirin reduce mortality
in acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the use of these agents in AMI, in particular thrombolytics, was lower
than expected. This issue is reviewed with special emphasis on a series of studies undertaken by the European
Secondary Prevention Study Group that was formed by researchers from 11 countries. The objective was to
understand the fundamentals of the limited uptake and analyse the consequences for the overall benefit in clinical
practice.
It was found that 36% of the AMI patients received thrombolytics, and that the calculated maximum rate was
55%, showing that about 1/5 of the patients despite no contraindications did not receive the treatment. Altogether
72% of the patients received aspirin. Thus, failure of the physicians to act on the evidence from clinical trials was
not the main factor for the low use of thrombolytics; the major reasons were ECG findings not being indications
for thrombolysis and late admission in hospital after onset of symptoms.
In the Norwegian cohort it was found that the patients receiving neither thrombolytics nor aspirin was a particular
high-risk group with high mortality, contributing substantially to overall mortality. The total mortality was
18.1% and thus far higher than mortality reported in clinical trials. It was estimated what the mortality would have
been had neither aspirin nor thrombolytics been given. The calculated mortality was 20.6%, implying an overall
mortality reduction of 12% for the whole AMI cohort. Thus, the effects observed in clinical trials can not be translated
into epidemiologically documented reduction in mortality, as optimal conditions for treatment with thrombolytics
and aspirin are found only in a proportion of the patient groups constituting an unselected AMI population.
NORSK SAMMENDRAG
I kliniske forsøk er det vist at behandling med trombolytika og acetylsalicylsyre gir betydelig reduksjon av mortaliteten
ved akutt hjerteinfarkt. I årene etter at dette ble fastslått var bruken av trombolytika lavere enn forventet.
Dette temaet drøftes med utgangspunkt i en serie studier som ble gjennomført av European Secondary Prevention
Study Group som ble dannet av forskere fra 11 land. Ett av målene var å få kunnskap om årsakene til den begrensede
bruken og analysere konsekvensene for samlet mortalitetsgevist av trombolytika og acetylsalicylsyre ved
akutt hjerteinfarkt.
Det ble funnet at 36% av hjerteinfarktpasientene fikk trombolytisk behandling og deretter estimert at den maksimale
andelen som var kandidater for slik behandling var 55%, noe som innebærer at 1/5 av pasientene ikke fikk
behandlingen til tross for at det ikke forelå kontraindikasjoner. Hovedgrunnene til den begrensede bruken av trombolytika
var at en høy andel enten manglet EKG-forandringer som kreves for slik behandling, eller at det hadde
gått lang tid fra symptomdebut til ankomst i sykehus. Manglende evne til å implementere ny kunnskap i klinisk
praksis var således ikke en vesentlig årsak til den relativt lave bruken. Andelen som fikk acetylsalicylsyre var
72%.
Spesiell analyse av den norske kohorten viste at pasientene som fikk verken trombolytika eller acetylsalicylsyre
utgjorde en spesiell høyrisikogruppe med høy mortalitet, og som dermed bidro betydelig til den totale dødeligheten
ved akutt hjerteinfarkt. Total mortalitet var 18,1% og dermed klart høyere enn det som er funnet i kliniske
studier. Det ble beregnet hva mortaliteten ville ha vært dersom trombolytika og acetyl salicylsyre ikke hadde vært
brukt. Den beregnede mortalitet var da 20,6%, noe som innebærer at samlet mortalitet var redusert med 12% for
hele infarktgruppen. Således vil den gevinst som påvises i kliniske studier ikke gjenspeiles i epidemiologisk dokumentert
reduksjon i mortalitet fordi de optimale betingelsene for behandling med trombolytika og acetylsalicylsyre
bare er til stede hos en viss andel av pasientene som utgjør den samlede gruppen av infarktpasienter.
Downloads
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Norsk Epidemiologi licenses all content of the journal under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) licence. This means, among other things, that anyone is free to copy and distribute the content, as long as they give proper credit to the author(s) and the journal. For further information, see Creative Commons website for human readable or lawyer readable versions.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).