Circulating nucleic acids in blood as biomarkers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5324/nje.v16i1.204Abstract
This short review on a rapidly expanding domain in biomarkers focuses on the value of markers derived from either circulating intracellular DNA and RNA (leukocytes) or from free DNA and RNA in plasma or serum. In circulating intracellular DNA biomarkers, importance has been pointed to reside in the ever increasing number of SNPs directly related to disease such as hemochromatosis or associated with genetic make up that leads to different drug-susceptibility. Quantitative gene expression profiling, increasingly using global expression platforms, is gaining momentum in various disease states such as cancer, inflammation, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Circulating free nucleic acids in plasma or serum gain in importance as biomarkers particularly in cancer and foeto-maternal understanding. The surprising recent findings of circulating free mRNA carries the potential of examining normal and diseased plasma for global gene expression profiling – opening avenues to new biomarkers. When appropriate, this review gives reference to methodological considerations and refers the readers to important literature in the fields
I denne korte oversiktsartikkelen redegjøres det for et biomarkørfelt som utvikler seg hurtig. Gjennom en blodprøve kan man få kjennskap til forandringer i sirkulerende leucocytter, intracellulære nukleinsyrer (DNA og RNA) og fritt DNA og RNA fra plasma eller serum. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) i DNA har allerede bekreftet sine muligheter som biomarkører (f.eks. Hemokromatose, Faktor V Leiden, Cytochrom P450 (CYP’er)). Stadig flere SNP’er vinner innpass i klinisk sammenheng. Siden sirkulerende hvite blodlegemer kan sies kontinuerlig å overvåke kroppens organer og vev, og dette avspeiles i disse blodcellers genekspresjon (RNA), knyttes det i dag forventninger til sykdomsspesifikke genekspresjonsprofiler. Både ved visse kreftformer, betennelsestilstander og hjertekar-sykdom viser hvite blodlegemer mer eller mindre tydelig sykdomsspesifikke genekspresjonsprofiler. Denne type sykdomsspesifikke genekspresjonsmarkører vil bli økende viktig fremover. Ved slike markører vil man kunne ha nytte av kvantitativ måling av enkeltmarkører, og også globale genekspresjonsprofiler på mikroarray-plattformer. Sirkulerende fritt DNA og kanskje særlig RNA i plasma åpner for nye sykdomsmarkører i første rekke ved forskjellige kreftformer og ved foeto-maternelle problemstillinger. Oversikten gir også en henvisning til metodologiske referanser i disse feltene.
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