Kunnskapsbasert politikkutforming
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5324/nje.v23i2.1645Abstract
Kunnskapsbasert politikkutforming er en tilnærming til politiske beslutninger der en søker å benytte den beste, tilgjengelige forskningsbaserte kunnskapen – samtidig som det tas høyde for lokale verdier og preferanser, og utøves politisk skjønn. Det er viktig å erkjenne at forskningsbasert kunnskap kun er én av mange faktorer som kan innvirke på politiske beslutninger.
Hva slags kunnskap som er relevant avhenger av problemstillingen. I politiske beslutningsprosesser vil det ofte være aktuelt å innhente informasjon om omfanget av et problem, og om problemets årsak. Når det gjelder spørsmål om hvorvidt et tiltak virker, vil resultater fra eksperimentelle eller kvasi-eksperimentelle studier være de mest relevante å ta med i vurderingen, herunder forskning utført utenfor vårt eget land. Det foreligger mange systematiske oversikter om effekt av tiltak innen organisering av helsetjenester, finansieringsordninger, strategier for kvalitetsforbedring osv.
Effektstørrelser fra tidligere utprøvninger av et tiltak er viktig informasjon, men langt fra tilstrekkelig til å avgjøre om tiltaket er verdt satse på. En må også søke å forstå hvilke faktorer som bidrar til at tiltaket fungerer etter intensjonen, eller ei. Her vil blant annet kvalitative evalueringer være en viktig informasjonskilde.
Det er ofte uklart hvorvidt de motstridende standpunkt som forfektes i en politisk debatt skyldes sprikende virkelighetsoppfatninger eller ideologiske motsetninger. Transparent og systematisk bruk av forskningsbasert kunnskap kan gjøre dette skillet tydeligere, og bidra til en mer konstruktiv politisk debatt, i tillegg til at et bedre beslutningsgrunnlag vil gi bedre beslutninger – må vi håpe.
Fretheim A. Evidence-informed policymaking. Nor J Epidemiol 2013; 23 (2): 205-210.
ENGLISH SUMMARY
Evidence-informed policymaking is an approach to policy decisions where the best available research evidence is used – while taking local values and preferences into account, and making political judgments. It is necessary to acknowledge that evidence is only one of several factors that can influence policy decisions.
What type of evidence that is relevant depends on the type of issue that is being addressed. In political decision making, questions are often raised about the size of a problem, and what the likely causes are. Concerning whether a strategy or intervention is likely to be effective in addressing an identified problem, findings from experimental and quasi-experimental studies will be the most relevant types of evidence, including research conducted outside one’s own geographic area. Many systematic reviews address effects of interventions about the organisation of health care services, financial arrangements, quality improvement strategies etc.
The effect estimates from previous evaluations of an intervention is important information, but far from sufficient to decide whether the intervention should be pursued. One also needs to understand the factors that can contribute to successful implementation and lead to the intended results. For this, qualitative evaluations may be an important source of information.
It is often not clear whether contradicting views in a political debate are due to differences in perceptions of reality, or ideological differences. Transparent and systematic use of research evidence may make this distinction clearer and thus contribute to more constructive political debates, in addition to leading to better policy decisions – hopefully.
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