Ultralydfremstilling av fostervekst
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5324/nje.v19i1.10Abstract
Ultralyd billeddanning er i dag den beste undersøkelsesmetoden vi har til å overvåke fosterets utvikling og vekst. Ultralydmåling av fosterets størrelse og biometriske referansetabeller for svangerskapet brukes til å fastsette svangerskapets alder, beregne termin og vurdere fosterets vekst. Optimal studiedesign er ulik for hvert av disse formålene. Det er stor variasjon i fysiologisk vekst og en utfordring å identifisere fostre som har dårlig tilvekst. En enkeltmåling av fosteret kan fortelle oss om det er lite eller stort i forhold til andre fostre, men ikke om størrelsen er passelig i forhold til forventet fysiologisk vekst for dette fosteret. Tilpassede referansemodeller ("customised") justerer forventet størrelse i relasjon til føtale og maternelle faktorer og har vist seg å bedre identifisere sanne veksthemmede fostre enn bare å klassifisere i henhold til 2,5, 5 eller 10 persentilen. Men et foster som i utgangspunktet er stort for alderen, men etter hvert vokser langsomt vil ikke nødvendigvis bli fanget opp ved en slik enkeltmåling. Serielle målinger vil hjelpe, men en slik longitudinell metode blir ikke fullt ut utnyttet før det appliseres betinget ("conditional") vekstberegning. Betingelsesleddene for variasjon i vekst og målemetode kalkuleres ut fra longitudinelle data og kan så anvendes for det enkelte foster. En første måling brukes til å beregne forventet vekst og variasjon for en neste måling. Denne metoden forventes å skjerpe diagnostikken for vekst-avvik i alle vektklasser og kan sammen med tilpasningen av andre faktorer bedre overvåkningen av risikosvangerskap
Ultrasonographic imaging is today the best method for assessing fetal size and monitoring fetal growth. Ultrasound measurements of fetal size are used for age, size and growth assessment, but the statistical design and analysis are different for each of these purposes. Physiological ranges for fetal growth are wide and the identification of fetal growth-restriction is correspondingly challenging. While fetal growth is reflected in various morphometric measurements, it is the estimated fetal weight (EFW) that has become the most useful method of identifying the growth-restricted fetuses. EFW is typically classified using populationbased percentiles. The most common definition of fetal growth-restriction refers to a weight below the 2.5th, 5th or 10th percentile for gestational age. This definition is controversial because it does not make a distinction between constitutionally small, small and growth-restricted, or growth-restricted but not small fetuses. Multiple variables affect fetal weight and can be incorporated into individually adjusted percentiles (e.g. fetal gender and maternal parity, ethnicity, height, weight, and age). Such customised fetal weight percentiles seem to enhance the identification of fetuses at risk of perinatal death and morbidity. A further advancement of the method is the application of serial measurements, a method that allows the detection of growth deviation. Rather than using z-score statistics based of cross-sectional studies, the method can be further sharpened by using conditional reference ranges: terms derived from longitudinal studies of fetal growth are used to establish conditional reference values for individual fetuses. I.e. the expected mean and ranges for the next examination is calculated based on the previous measurement. These conditional reference percentiles can be combined with customizing fetal and maternal factors to further optimize the diagnostic process of identifying growth deviation
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