Training Technologies. Science, Gender and Dogs in the Age of Positive Dog Training.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5324/njsts.v5i1.2251Keywords:
dogs, behaviorism, animality, material-semiotics, enactmentAbstract
The practices of dog training influence the lives of numerous dogs and dog owners, but have not received much academic attention in terms of empirical studies. Both humans and dogs are shaped through these practices, but as the conditions are partly determined by already established networks, it is not simply a matter of the trainer’s personal choice. In order to explore the entanglements of technology, gender, humans, and dogs in dog training practices, this article applies a material semiotic perspective inspired by John Law and Donna Haraway. Taking the changes towards "positive training" and the technology of clicker training as its point of departure, the article explores the emergence and effects of different training practices and the networks that provide their conditions.
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References
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Connell, R. 2005. Masculinities. Berkeley, CA and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
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Hiby, E. F., N. J. Rooney, and J. W. S. Bradshaw. 2004. Dog training methods: Their use, effectiveness and interaction with behaviour and welfare. Animal Welfare 13 (1): 63–9.
Hundefaggruppen.no. 2012. Kontakt. Accessed May 1, 2012. http://www.hfg.no/kontakt.html.
Irvine, Leslie. 2008. If you tame me: Understanding our connection with animals. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Johnsen, Jahn Petter. 2004. Latour, natur, og havforskere: Hvordan produsere natur? Sosiologi i dag 34 (2): 47–67.
Køste, Cecilie, and Morten Egtvedt. 2001. Klikkertrening for din hund, 3. oppl. [i.e. ny utg.]. Tromsø: Canis.
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Lereng, Trond. 2010. Metodevalg. Fuglehunden: 8–11.
Lorenz, Konrad. 1966. On aggression. London: Methuen.
Lorenz, Konrad. 2002. Man meets dog, 2nd ed. London: Routledge.
Mech, L. David. 1999. Alpha status, dominance, and division of labor in wolf packs. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77 (8): 1196–203.
Míklósi, Ádám. 2007. Dog behaviour, evolution, and cognition. Oxford biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Millan, Cesar. 2011. Cesars regler: Veien til en veloppdragen hund. Skien: JW Henriksen.
Millan, Cesar. 2013. Cesar Millans korte veiviser til en lykkelig hund: 98 essensielle tips og teknikker. Skien: JW Henriksen.
Nordberg, Marie. 2002. Constructing masculinity in women’s worlds: Men working as pre-school teachers and hairdressers. NORA: Nordic Journal of Women’s Studies 10 (1): 26–37.
Nordenstam, Geir R. 1979. Du er sjefen. Oslo: Mortensen.
Nordenstam, Geir R. 1992. Full kontroll: En bok om moderne lederskapstrening av hund og hundeeier. Oslo: Mortensen.
Nordenstam, Geir R. 2005. Nye du er sjefen. Østby: Nordenstam hundeskole.
Nordenstam, Geir R. 2009. Hunden og vi. Accessed May 1, 2012. http://www.nordenstam.no/dokumenter/HUNDEN-OG-VI.pdf.
Pryor, Karen. 2002. Ikke skyt hunden! Tromsø: Canis.
Pryor, Karen. 2009. Reaching the animal mind: Clicker training and what it teaches us about all animals. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Skinner, B. F. 1938. The behavior of organisms: An experimental analysis. The Century Psychology Series. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Skinner, B. F. 1951. How to teach animals. Scientific American 185 (6): 26–9.
Skinner, B. F. 1958. Reinforcement today. American Psychologist 13 (3): 94.
Skinner, B. F. 1963. Science and human behavior. London: MacMillan.
Skinner, B. F. 2005 [1948]. Walden two: With a new preface by the author. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing.
Steen, Johan B., and Erik Wilsson. 1987. I ulvemors sted: Hundeoppdragelse etter naturmetoden. Oslo: Gyldendal.
Sverkeli, Bjarne H. 1998. Hundeliv i Norge. Oslo: Norsk folkeminnelag Aschehoug.
Teigen, Karl Halvor. 2015. En psykologihistorie, 2. utg. ed. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget.
Tillung, Randi Helene. 2006. Belønning er egnet for å gjøre hunden lydig [Reward is suitable to achieve an obedient dog]. Bergen: R. H. Tillung.
Tinbergen, Niko. 1963. On aims and methods of ethology. Ethology 20 (4): 410–33.
Trumler, Eberhard. 1975. Dus med hunden: Forståelse av hundens vesen og adferd. Mit dem Hund auf du. Oslo: Gyldendal.
Tuan, Yi-fu. 1984. Dominance and affection: The making of pets. New Haven, CA: Yale University Press.
Watson, John B. 1913. Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychological Review 20 (2): 158.
Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder. 1993. Mammal species of the world: A taxonomic and geographic reference, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Arhant, Christine, Hermann Bubna-Littitz, Angela Bartels, Andreas Futschik, and Josef Troxler. 2010. Behaviour of smaller and larger dogs: Effects of training methods, inconsistency of owner behaviour and level of engagement in activities with the dog. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 123 (3): 131–42.
Bal, Mieke. 2002. Travelling concepts in the humanities: A rough guide. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Barad, Karen Michelle. 2007. Meeting the universe halfway: Quantum physics and the entanglement of matter and meaning. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Beynon, John. 2001. Masculinities and culture. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).
Birke, Lynda, Mette Bryld, and Nina Lykke. 2004. Animal performances: An exploration of intersections between feminist science studies and studies of human/animal relationships. Feminist Theory 5 (2): 167–83.
Blackwell, Emily J., Caroline Twells, Anne Seawright, and Rachel A. Casey. 2008. The relationship between training methods and the occurrence of behavior problems, as reported by owners, in a population of domestic dogs. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research 3 (5): 207–17.
Burkhardt, Richard W. 2005. Patterns of behavior: Konrad Lorenz, Niko Tinbergen, and the founding of ethology. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Butler, Judith. 1990. Gender trouble and the subversion of identity. New York and London: Routledge.
Callon, Michel. 1986. Some elements of a sociology of translation: Domestication of the scallops and the fishermen of St Brieuc Bay. In Power, action and belief: A new sociology of knowledge, edited by John Law, 196–223. London: Routledge & Kegan.
Callon, Michel, and Bruno Latour. 1981. Unscrewing the big Leviathan: How actors macro-structure reality and how sociologists help them to do so. In Advances in social theory and methodology: Toward an integration of micro-and macro-sociologies, edited by K. Knorr-Cetina and A. V. Cicourel, 277–303. Boston, MA: Routledge & Kegan.
Canis.no. 2014. Klikkerinstruktører Canis Hundeskole. Accessed January 2, 2014. http://www.canis.no/hundeskolen/instruktorer.php?v=a&mid=196&s=1.
Canis.no. 2015. Hvordan har Eva lært så mye om hundetrening på så kort tid? Accessed March 23, 2015. http://www.canis.no/gensider.php?gid=6.
Canishundeskole.no. 2017. Avdelinger. Accessed March 1, 2017. http://canishundeskole.no/avdelinger/.
Casey, Rachel A., Bethany Loftus, Christine Bolster, Gemma J. Richards, and Emily J. Blackwell. 2014. Human directed aggression in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris): Occurrence in different contexts and risk factors. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 152: 52–63.
Connell, R. 2005. Masculinities. Berkeley, CA and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
Dahle, Rannveig. 2004. Å kople symbolsk kjønnsmakt til sosiale strukturer. In Medicinsk genusforskning, 87–95. Stockholm: Vetenskapsrådet.
Despret, Vinciane. 2004. The body we care for: Figures of anthropo-zoo-genesis. Body & Society 10 (2-3): 111–34.
Edelbach, Ralph, and Morton Emanuel Winston. 1999. Society, ethics, and technology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Egtvedt, Morten. 2006. 9 grunner til at positiv hundetrening ikke fungerer. Canis: 41–45.
Egtvedt, Morten and Cecilie Køste. 2006. Klikkertrening for din hund, 2nd ed. Trondheim: Canis forlag.
Fisher, Gail Tamases. 2009. The thinking dog: Crossover to clicker training. Washington, DC: Dogwise Publishing.
Folkehelseinstituttet. 2014. Utdanningsnivå og helse. http://www.fhi.no/artikler/?id=70830.
Gabrielsen, Ane Møller. 2015. Makt og mening i hundeholdets konfliktsoner. Institutt for tverrfaglige kulturstudier.
Gabrielsen, Ane Møller. 2016. Hun, han og hund. Om kjønn og hundetrening. Tidsskrift for kjønnsforskning 39 (02): 36–57.
Graeber, David. 2006. Beyond power/knowledge: An exploration of the relation of power, ignorance and stupidity (Malinowski Memorial Lecture, London School of Economics and Political Science, May 25, 2006). http://libcom.org.libcom.org/files/20060525-Graeber.pdf
Greenebaum, Jessica B. 2010. Training dogs and training humans: Symbolic interaction and dog training. Anthrozoös 23 (2): 129–41.
Hallgren, Anders. 1975. Lykkelige lydige hunder. Oslo: Schibsted.
Haraway, Donna. 2008. When species meet. Minneapolis, MN and London: University of Minnesota Press.
Henriksen, John W. 2013. Fusk med forskning på lederskap. Redningshunden 2: 44–48.
Herron, Meghan E., Frances S. Shofer, and Ilana R. Reisner. 2009. Survey of the use and outcome of confrontational and non-confrontational training methods in client-owned dogs showing undesired behaviors. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 117 (1): 47–54.
Hiby, E. F., N. J. Rooney, and J. W. S. Bradshaw. 2004. Dog training methods: Their use, effectiveness and interaction with behaviour and welfare. Animal Welfare 13 (1): 63–9.
Hundefaggruppen.no. 2012. Kontakt. Accessed May 1, 2012. http://www.hfg.no/kontakt.html.
Irvine, Leslie. 2008. If you tame me: Understanding our connection with animals. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Johnsen, Jahn Petter. 2004. Latour, natur, og havforskere: Hvordan produsere natur? Sosiologi i dag 34 (2): 47–67.
Køste, Cecilie, and Morten Egtvedt. 2001. Klikkertrening for din hund, 3. oppl. [i.e. ny utg.]. Tromsø: Canis.
Law, John. 2009. Actor network theory and material semiotics. In The new Blackwell companion to social theory, edited by B. S. Turner, 141–58. Chichester: Blackwell Publishing.
Law, John, and Marianne Lien. 2012. Animal architextures. In Objects and materials: A Routledge companion, edited by P. Harvey, E. Casella, G. Evans, H. Knox, C. McLean, E. Silva, N. Thoburn, and K. Woodward. Abingdon: Routledge.
Law, John, and Mara Miele. 2011. Animal practices. In Human and other animals: Critical perspectives, edited by Bob Carter and Nickie Charles, 50–65. Basingstoke: Springer.
Law, John, and Annemarie Mol. 2008. The actor-enacted: Cumbrian sheep in 2001. In Material agency: Towards a non-anthropocentric approach, edited by C. Knappett and L. Malafouri, 57–77. New York, NY: Springer.
Lereng, Trond. 2010. Metodevalg. Fuglehunden: 8–11.
Lorenz, Konrad. 1966. On aggression. London: Methuen.
Lorenz, Konrad. 2002. Man meets dog, 2nd ed. London: Routledge.
Mech, L. David. 1999. Alpha status, dominance, and division of labor in wolf packs. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77 (8): 1196–203.
Míklósi, Ádám. 2007. Dog behaviour, evolution, and cognition. Oxford biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Millan, Cesar. 2011. Cesars regler: Veien til en veloppdragen hund. Skien: JW Henriksen.
Millan, Cesar. 2013. Cesar Millans korte veiviser til en lykkelig hund: 98 essensielle tips og teknikker. Skien: JW Henriksen.
Nordberg, Marie. 2002. Constructing masculinity in women’s worlds: Men working as pre-school teachers and hairdressers. NORA: Nordic Journal of Women’s Studies 10 (1): 26–37.
Nordenstam, Geir R. 1979. Du er sjefen. Oslo: Mortensen.
Nordenstam, Geir R. 1992. Full kontroll: En bok om moderne lederskapstrening av hund og hundeeier. Oslo: Mortensen.
Nordenstam, Geir R. 2005. Nye du er sjefen. Østby: Nordenstam hundeskole.
Nordenstam, Geir R. 2009. Hunden og vi. Accessed May 1, 2012. http://www.nordenstam.no/dokumenter/HUNDEN-OG-VI.pdf.
Pryor, Karen. 2002. Ikke skyt hunden! Tromsø: Canis.
Pryor, Karen. 2009. Reaching the animal mind: Clicker training and what it teaches us about all animals. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Skinner, B. F. 1938. The behavior of organisms: An experimental analysis. The Century Psychology Series. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Skinner, B. F. 1951. How to teach animals. Scientific American 185 (6): 26–9.
Skinner, B. F. 1958. Reinforcement today. American Psychologist 13 (3): 94.
Skinner, B. F. 1963. Science and human behavior. London: MacMillan.
Skinner, B. F. 2005 [1948]. Walden two: With a new preface by the author. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing.
Steen, Johan B., and Erik Wilsson. 1987. I ulvemors sted: Hundeoppdragelse etter naturmetoden. Oslo: Gyldendal.
Sverkeli, Bjarne H. 1998. Hundeliv i Norge. Oslo: Norsk folkeminnelag Aschehoug.
Teigen, Karl Halvor. 2015. En psykologihistorie, 2. utg. ed. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget.
Tillung, Randi Helene. 2006. Belønning er egnet for å gjøre hunden lydig [Reward is suitable to achieve an obedient dog]. Bergen: R. H. Tillung.
Tinbergen, Niko. 1963. On aims and methods of ethology. Ethology 20 (4): 410–33.
Trumler, Eberhard. 1975. Dus med hunden: Forståelse av hundens vesen og adferd. Mit dem Hund auf du. Oslo: Gyldendal.
Tuan, Yi-fu. 1984. Dominance and affection: The making of pets. New Haven, CA: Yale University Press.
Watson, John B. 1913. Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychological Review 20 (2): 158.
Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder. 1993. Mammal species of the world: A taxonomic and geographic reference, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
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2017-08-10
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