Freshwater tolerance in the trachurus form of three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus L. in West Norway
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Abstract
In 1982, an isolated freshwater population of three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus of the trachurus form was found in a park pond within the city of Bergen, Norway. This marine form has hitherto been regarded as unable to survive in freshwater outside the breeding season. Consequently, an experiment was set up to test whether these specimens are physiologically adapted to low-salinity water, also during the winter. Specimens of an estuarine population were used as a control group. No mortality was observed in the park pond population. The estuary control group also showed a better freshwater tolerance than was expected.
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